📖 Book (Print)
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.
Example:
Smith, J. D. (2020). Research methods in education. Academic Press.
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
Example:
Smith, John David. Research Methods in Education. Academic Press, 2020.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. Title of Book. City: Publisher, Year.
Example:
Smith, John David. Research Methods in Education. New York: Academic Press, 2020.
📰 Journal Article (with DOI)
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Example:
Johnson, M. L. (2021). Online learning effectiveness. Journal of Educational Technology, 45(3), 234-256. https://doi.org/10.1234/jet.2021.45678
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Year, pp. pages, doi:xxxxx.
Example:
Johnson, Mary Louise. "Online Learning Effectiveness." Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 45, no. 3, 2021, pp. 234-256, doi:10.1234/jet.2021.45678.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx.
Example:
Johnson, Mary Louise. "Online Learning Effectiveness." Journal of Educational Technology 45, no. 3 (2021): 234-256. https://doi.org/10.1234/jet.2021.45678.
📰 Journal Article (without DOI)
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages.
Example:
Williams, R. T. (2019). Teaching strategies in higher education. Academic Review, 32(4), 112-128.
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Year, pp. pages.
Example:
Williams, Robert Thomas. "Teaching Strategies in Higher Education." Academic Review, vol. 32, no. 4, 2019, pp. 112-128.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): pages.
Example:
Williams, Robert Thomas. "Teaching Strategies in Higher Education." Academic Review 32, no. 4 (2019): 112-128.
🌐 Website (with author)
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site Name. URL
Example:
Wilson, R. (2023, January 15). Understanding climate change. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/climate-change
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Page." Site Name, Day Month Year, URL.
Example:
Wilson, Robert. "Understanding Climate Change." National Geographic, 15 Jan. 2023, www.nationalgeographic.com/climate-change.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Page." Site Name. Month Day, Year. URL.
Example:
Wilson, Robert. "Understanding Climate Change." National Geographic. January 15, 2023. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/climate-change.
🌐 Website (no author - organization)
APA 7th Edition
Organization Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. URL
Example:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, March 20). COVID-19 guidelines. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/guidelines
MLA 9th Edition
"Title of Page." Site Name, Day Month Year, URL.
Example:
"COVID-19 Guidelines." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Mar. 2023, www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/guidelines.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Organization Name. "Title of Page." Month Day, Year. URL.
Example:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "COVID-19 Guidelines." March 20, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/guidelines.
📱 E-book (Kindle, PDF, etc.)
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. URL or DOI
Example:
Brown, L. M. (2022). Digital pedagogy. Educational Press. https://doi.org/10.1234/book.2022
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. Title of Book. E-book ed., Publisher, Year.
Example:
Brown, Laura Marie. Digital Pedagogy. E-book ed., Educational Press, 2022.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. Title of Book. City: Publisher, Year. Format.
Example:
Brown, Laura Marie. Digital Pedagogy. Boston: Educational Press, 2022. Kindle.
📑 Edited Book Chapter
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
Example:
Davis, K. L. (2021). Assessment strategies. In M. P. Anderson (Ed.), Modern teaching methods (pp. 45-67). Academic Press.
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Chapter." Title of Book, edited by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Year, pp. xx-xx.
Example:
Davis, Karen Lynn. "Assessment Strategies." Modern Teaching Methods, edited by Michael P. Anderson, Academic Press, 2021, pp. 45-67.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by First Name Last Name, xx-xx. City: Publisher, Year.
Example:
Davis, Karen Lynn. "Assessment Strategies." In Modern Teaching Methods, edited by Michael P. Anderson, 45-67. New York: Academic Press, 2021.
📔 Magazine Article
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), pages.
Example:
Thompson, S. (2023, June 15). The future of artificial intelligence. Technology Today, 45(6), 28-34.
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Name, Day Month Year, pp. pages.
Example:
Thompson, Sarah. "The Future of Artificial Intelligence." Technology Today, 15 June 2023, pp. 28-34.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Name, Month Day, Year.
Example:
Thompson, Sarah. "The Future of Artificial Intelligence." Technology Today, June 15, 2023.
📰 Newspaper Article
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Name, pages. URL
Example:
Martinez, J. (2023, May 10). Education reform gains momentum. The Washington Post, A1, A4. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/reform
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Newspaper Name, Day Month Year, p. page.
Example:
Martinez, Julia. "Education Reform Gains Momentum." The Washington Post, 10 May 2023, p. A1.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Newspaper Name, Month Day, Year.
Example:
Martinez, Julia. "Education Reform Gains Momentum." The Washington Post, May 10, 2023.
📺 YouTube Video
APA 7th Edition
Username. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL
Example:
CrashCourse. (2023, April 5). Introduction to psychology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxxxx
MLA 9th Edition
"Title of Video." YouTube, uploaded by Username, Day Month Year, URL.
Example:
"Introduction to Psychology." YouTube, uploaded by CrashCourse, 5 Apr. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxxxx.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Username. "Title of Video." YouTube video, runtime. Month Day, Year. URL.
Example:
CrashCourse. "Introduction to Psychology." YouTube video, 10:35. April 5, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxxxx.
📱 Social Media Post (Twitter/X, Instagram, Facebook)
APA 7th Edition
Author [@username]. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of post [Platform]. URL
Example:
Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2023, March 15). Education technology is transforming how students learn and teachers teach [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/xxxxx
MLA 9th Edition
@username (Real Name). "Full text of post." Platform, Day Month Year, URL.
Example:
@BillGates (Bill Gates). "Education technology is transforming how students learn and teachers teach." Twitter, 15 Mar. 2023, twitter.com/BillGates/status/xxxxx.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author (Real Name). Platform post, Month Day, Year. URL.
Example:
Gates, Bill (@BillGates). Twitter post, March 15, 2023. https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/xxxxx.
🎙️ Podcast Episode
APA 7th Edition
Host, H. H. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. episode number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast name. Production company. URL
Example:
Rogan, J. (Host). (2023, February 20). The future of AI (No. 1950) [Audio podcast episode]. In The Joe Rogan Experience. Spotify. https://open.spotify.com/episode/xxxxx
MLA 9th Edition
"Episode Title." Podcast Name, hosted by First Name Last Name, season X, episode Y, Production Company, Day Month Year, URL.
Example:
"The Future of AI." The Joe Rogan Experience, hosted by Joe Rogan, episode 1950, Spotify, 20 Feb. 2023, open.spotify.com/episode/xxxxx.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Host, First Name Last Name, host. "Episode Title." Podcast Name. Produced by Production Company. Podcast, MP3 audio, runtime. Month Day, Year. URL.
Example:
Rogan, Joe, host. "The Future of AI." The Joe Rogan Experience. Produced by Spotify. Podcast, MP3 audio, 2:15:30. February 20, 2023. https://open.spotify.com/episode/xxxxx.
🏛️ Government Report
APA 7th Edition
Government Agency. (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). URL
Example:
U.S. Department of Education. (2022). National assessment of educational progress (NCES Report No. 2022-456). https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/
MLA 9th Edition
Government Agency. Title of Report. Publisher, Year, URL.
Example:
United States, Department of Education. National Assessment of Educational Progress. Government Printing Office, 2022, nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Government Agency. Title of Report. City: Publisher, Year. URL.
Example:
U.S. Department of Education. National Assessment of Educational Progress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2022. https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/.
🎤 Conference Presentation
APA 7th Edition
Presenter, P. P. (Year, Month Day-Day). Title of presentation [Type]. Conference Name, Location.
Example:
Chen, L. M. (2023, June 12-14). Innovations in online assessment [Conference presentation]. American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, United States.
MLA 9th Edition
Presenter, First Name Last Name. "Title of Presentation." Conference Name, Day-Day Month Year, Location.
Example:
Chen, Lisa Marie. "Innovations in Online Assessment." American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, 12-14 June 2023, Chicago.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Presenter, First Name Last Name. "Title of Presentation." Paper presented at Conference Name, Location, Month Day-Day, Year.
Example:
Chen, Lisa Marie. "Innovations in Online Assessment." Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, June 12-14, 2023.
🎓 Dissertation / Thesis
APA 7th Edition
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Institution Name]. Database Name. URL
Example:
Rodriguez, M. A. (2022). Teacher effectiveness in virtual environments [Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/xxxxx
MLA 9th Edition
Author, First Name Last Name. Title of Dissertation. Year. Institution Name, PhD dissertation or MA thesis. Database Name, URL.
Example:
Rodriguez, Maria Alejandra. Teacher Effectiveness in Virtual Environments. 2022. Stanford University, PhD dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, www.proquest.com/xxxxx.
Chicago 17th (Notes-Bibliography)
Author, First Name Last Name. "Title of Dissertation." PhD diss. or MA thesis, Institution Name, Year. URL.
Example:
Rodriguez, Maria Alejandra. "Teacher Effectiveness in Virtual Environments." PhD diss., Stanford University, 2022. https://www.proquest.com/xxxxx.